Archive for Knee Pain
Scientists Think Protein in Knee Joint May Ease Arthritis Knee Pain
Scientists Think Protein in Knee Joint May Ease Arthritis Knee Pain
In healthy knees, synovial fluid is the lubricant that allows the joint to glide. In an unhealthy arthritic knee there are decreased amounts of synovial fluid. In the past few years pharmaceutical companies have come out with rooster comb injections (aka gel injections, hyalgan injections, hyaluronic acid injections) to try and replicate the effects of synovial fluid. However, research indicates that the active protein or molecule in those injections only lasts for a few days in the knee joint before it is absorbed into the bloodstream.
That is why Saleem Abubacker, a 23 year old PHD student at the University of Calgary in Canada and his colleagues have been researching a different molecule then the one found in current knee injections. Abubacker and his team are studying the effects of lubricin, a protein found in synovial fluid and on the surface of the knee joint. They are injecting lubricin in unused cow joints from butcher shops and putting them in a machine that pushes them and twists them like human knee joints. Preliminary studies suggest that lubricin lasts for longer periods of time in the knee joint (28 days) compared to the current molecule used for injections on the market, and it has shown to slow down the breakdown of cartilage. They are also finding that the molecule forms building blocks, so as it grows it makes a difference in lubricating the knee. Abubacker thinks that some patients with arthritis knee pain may have more of the single molecule then the long chain and that by restoring that balance of lubricin they may have less arthritis knee pain.
Obviously, more advanced studies need to be completed with lubricin, especially on human knee joints, but who knows this may be the next type of knee injection in the future.
If you live in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, and you are searching for a painless, non-surgical knee treatment then consider Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program™. Contact the DFW Spine & Joint Center at 214-596-1051 or visit Dr. Schnee’s website at http://www.HelpMyKneePain.com
Dr. Alexandra K. Schnee, D.C.- Non-Surgical, Painless, Cold Laser Knee TreatmentDoctor for the Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas Metroplex- “ Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program™ Has Been Helping Knee Pain Sufferers With Knee Pain Relief Without Knee Injections or Surgery Since 2001.”
Jamie Komarnicki. U of C Scientists Make Strides Toward Easing Arthritis Knee Pain. Calgary Herald.
Scientists Think Protein in Knee Joint May Ease Arthritis Knee Pain
Scientists are studying protein in knee joint in hopes to ease arthritis knee pain in the future. Dallas-Fort Worth knee pain blog by Dr. Alexandra Schnee, D.C.
Knee Treatment Helps Patient With Knee Pain | Dallas-Fort Worth
Knee Treatment Helps Patient With Knee Pain | Dallas-Fort Worth
Dr. Schnee’s cold laser knee treatment program helps patients from the Dallas-Fort Worth and surrounding areas get knee pain relief so that they can avoid taking pain pills, painful knee injections, and knee surgery.
Here is a recent review of Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Treatment Program from a patient who started experiencing knee pain several years after having knee surgery. She did not want knee surgery again so she started Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program™.
“I had arthroscopic knee surgery in 2007 for a torn meniscus and I did good until June 2011 but I wanted to seek alternative methods. My knee pain was intense when I walked,and especially at night. It was burning pain that kept me awake at night. I couldn’t garden, bird watch, or stand for more than 30 minutes without my knee being painful.
Since completing Dr. Schnee’s knee treatments I sleep so much better now, I’m walking more and building strength each day with exercises. I feel I’m 75% better and will continue to improve. I only wish I had this knee treatment instead of the surgery in 2007 I would recommmend this to anyone who wants to avoid knee surgery.
The staff at the DFW Spine & Joint Center are exceptional. They got me in and out in promptly, no long time waiting for my appointment. Dr. Schnee was very thorough and honest in her plan. She didn’t promise what she couldn’t deliver.
You have nothing to lose by trying Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Therapy (except knee pain)!”
Ellen L., Bedford Texas
If you live in the Dallas, Fort Worth, Irving or surrounding areas call the DFW Spine & Joint Center at 214-596-1051 or visit http://www.helpmykneepain.com/ for more information about Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program™.
Dr. Alexandra K. Schnee, D.C.- A Cold Laser Doctor for the Treatment of Knee Pain for Dallas-Fort Worth Residents. “Helping People With Chronic Knee Pain Get Knee Pain Relief Since 2001.”
Knee Treatment Helps Patient With Knee Pain | Dallas-Fort Worth
A review from a patient about Dr. Schnee’s knee treatment program for knee pain relief in Dallas-Fort Worth Texas.
Knee Pain at Night? Cold Laser Dallas Knee Pain Treatment Offers Relief
Knee Pain At Night? Cold Laser Dallas Knee Pain Treatment Offers Relief
Is knee pain keeping you awake at night? Are you unable to sleep at night because your knees ache?
The most common knee condition that causes knee pain at night and disrupts sleep is a meniscus tear in the knee.
A Meniscus Tear…
The meniscus is the rubbery cartilage like material that sits between the shin bone and the thigh bone. There are two menisci one on the inner part of the knee (medial meniscus) and the other is on the outer part of the knee (or the lateral meniscus). The medial meniscus tears more commonly then the lateral meniscus. A meniscus tear can be caused from an injury or arthritis in the knee. Unfortunately, most individuals in the acute stage of a meniscus tear will experience knee pain at night.
Prior to undergoing (Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Dallas Knee Pain Treatment Program), Mary L. was diagnosed with a meniscus tear and experienced constant knee pain day and night. This is her story:
“I had constant knee pain day and night that required pain killers every day. I couldn’t kneel at church, sleep at night or go shopping or clean house. I had arthroscopic knee surgery but it didn’t help me so the surgeon recommended a total knee replacement. Since completing knee pain treatments with Dr. Schnee, I can sleep with hardly any pain, and kneel at church. I am very pleased with my overall percentage of improvement- which is 80%.”
Arthritis and ‘Bone on Bone’ Knee Pain
The other knee condition that can prevent you from getting a restful night’s sleep is severe arthritis knee pain or ‘bone on bone knee pain.’
Knee pain from severe arthritis knee pain or ‘bone on bone knee pain’ is a direct result of the lining of the bone or synovium becoming irritated. The synovium has trillions of sensitive nerve endings when it gets inflamed or irritated an individual will experience knee pain- especially at night.
Paul B. had a similar story to Mary’s but instead of a meniscus tear he was diagnosed with ‘bone on bone knee pain’. This is his story:
“The pain in my left knee would wake me up at night. I had pain in my left knee when walking or climbing stairs. I tried physical therapy and over the counter medications. I had one cortisone shot and it lasted about one month. Since completing Dr. Schnee’s knee pain treatment program I can stand longer without experiencing knee pain and I can walk better. I can sleep at night without knee pain waking me up. I can go up and down stairs better. I am very pleased with my overall experience and results. I wish that I had known about Dr. Schnee’s cold laser therapy program before my knees got so bad. I would say my overall improvement is 60-70% in my left knee and 70-80% in my right knee.”
Meniscus tears and bone on bone knee pain are the two most common conditions that can cause knee pain at night; however, there are other knee conditions that can disrupt your sleep (they’re just not as common).
What can help relieve your knee pain at night?
Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Dallas Knee Pain Treatment Program: A non-surgical, painless knee pain treatment in Dallas-Fort Worth, TX that combines specialized cold laser therapy knee protocols developed by Dr. Alexandra Schnee, D.C. along with other non-surgical modalities that help relieve knee pain.
If you are experiencing knee pain that is keeping you from sleeping at night due to a meniscus tear, arthritis, bone on bone or some other knee condition then Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Dallas Knee Pain Treatment Program may be able to help you.
Call the DFW Spine & Joint Center at 214-596-1051 or click on the links above to find out more information about Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Dallas Knee Pain Treatment Program.
Dr. Alexandra K. Schnee, B.S., D.C.- Your Cold Laser Dallas and Cold Laser Fort Worth Doctor for the Non-Surgical Knee Pain Treatment for Knee Pain Relief in Dallas, Fort Worth, Irving and Texas area. “Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Dallas Knee Pain Treatment Program Has Been Helping Knee Pain Sufferers Avoid Knee Surgery Since 2001.”
Knee Pain at Night? Cold Laser Dallas Knee Pain Treatment Offers Relief
Cold laser Dallas knee pain treatment in Dallas-Fort Worth,TX: Dr.Schnee discusses which knee conditions cause knee pain that can keep you from sleeping at night
Cold Laser Dallas Doctor is Helping Knee Pain Sufferers Walk ‘Normal’ Again
Cold Laser Dallas Doctor is Helping Knee Pain Sufferers Walk ‘Normal’ Again
Obviously, if you’ve been limping over a prolonged period of time due to knee pain, it will cause havoc on the other joints in your body. Not only will limping force the opposite knee to wear down faster, but it will also wear down the opposite hip. This is the reason that it’s vital to fix the knee that is hurting you. After all, the last thing any knee pain sufferer wants is to cause damage to the opposite knee or hip that wasn’t causing problems to begin with.
Prior to receiving cold laser knee treatments and physiotherapy from Cold laser Dallas Doctor, Dr. Alexandra Schnee D.C., Tom G., a ground support mechanic for the airlines, experienced severe pain in his left knee that kept him from standing up straight and walking ‘normally’. “Since completing treatments there is a 80-90% improvement [in my knee] and there is no tenderness in the knee at all.” He also states, “I can now walk normally without a limp, and I can walk up stairs [without any problems]. Before starting treatments with Dr. Schnee I couldn’t walk, or sleep comfortably. I had cortisone injections from my family doctor and pain pills but nothing worked. I am very pleased with Dr. Schnee’s knee pain treatments.”
If your knee pain is keeping you from walking ‘normally’ it’s time to do something about it; otherwise, you may risk damaging the opposite knee and hip in the process.
To find out more about Cold Laser Dallas Doctor’s knee pain relief program and how it may be able to help you stop limping and walk normally again call 214-596-1051 or click on the links above. Visit http://www.HelpMyKneePain.com for more information.
Dr. Alexandra K. Schnee, B.S., D.C.,- Cold Laser Dallas and Cold Laser Fort Worth Knee Pain Relief Doctor,-“Helping People with Knee Pain related to arthritis, meniscus tears, baker’s cysts, ‘bone on bone’, tendonitis, bursitis, and knee surgery- since 2001.”
Cold Laser Dallas Doctor is Helping Knee Pain Sufferers Walk ‘Normal’ Again
Find out why limping damages other joints and how Cold laser Dallas Doctor,Dr.Schnee,D.C. is helping knee pain sufferers walk ‘normal’ again Dallas-Fort Worth,TX
Dallas Cold Laser | Alternative Knee Treatment Program | Dallas-Fort Worth
Dallas Cold Laser | Alternative Knee Treatment Program | Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Therapy
Chronic knee pain sufferers are usually given one of five treatment options when they visit an orthopedic knee surgeon. They are typically prescribed pain medicine, a cortisone injection, or hyaluronic acid injections (Synvisc, Orthovisc, Euflexxa, Hyalgen). When those three options don’t work- then knee surgery is usually recommended. If a patient does not want to undergo knee surgery then the surgeon will usually tell them to call their office whenever they get tired of dealing with the pain. Unfortunately, it is very rare that an orthopedic knee surgeon will recommend alternative knee treatments, such as cold laser therapy. Interestingly, it is not because they don’t ‘believe’ in cold laser therapy treatments. It’s just that cold laser knee therapy is not a treatment they use in THEIR office, so (often their thought process is) what’s the point of taking the chance of losing the patient by refering them to another doctor?
It should be mandatory that Orthopedic surgeons review ALL treatment options with patients. Including, those that don’t benefit them financially). Recommending alternative knee treatments such as cold laser therapy (which has been around for decades and has thousands of studies to prove its effectiveness for treating pain and inflammation) should not be optional. As a doctor it is our obligation to review all treatment options with patients and then let them decide which treatment is best for them.
Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program in the Dallas-Fort Worth area is an alternative knee treatment program for those experiencing chronic knee pain and who want to avoid knee surgery,pain medicine, and knee injections. Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program combines Dr. Schnee’s cold laser treatment protocols along with other non-invasive modalities so that patients can live a pain-free life!
Dr. Alexandra K. Schnee, D.C.- A Dallas Cold Laser Chiropractor for the the Non-Surgical Treatment of Knee Pain for the Dallas-Fort Worth Texas area. “Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program- an alternative knee treatment to harmful medication, knee injections, and knee surgery- has been helping patients in the Dallas-Fort Worth and Surrounding Areas Since 2001. ”
Dallas Cold Laser | Alternative Knee Treatment Program | Dallas-Fort Worth
Dallas Cold Laser Chiropractor,Dr.Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program is a unique, alternative knee treatment to relieve knee pain in Dallas-Fort Worth.
Knee Pain in Females Increases with Changes in BMI | Cold Laser Therapy for Knee Pain Dallas-Fort Worth
Knee Pain in Females Increases with Changes in BMI | Cold Laser Therapy for Knee Pain Dallas-Fort Worth
A report published online on July 7th, 2011 in Arthritis Care & Research by researchers at the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom found that women who gained weight over a fifteen year period had greater knee pain in both knees. The study followed 594 females body mass index over a period of fifteen years and discovered that an increase in body mass index was associated with greater knee pain in both knees regardless of the severity of osteoarthritis diagnosed on the x-rays.
Basically, this study reported on something women already intuitively know… that is the greater the weight gain the more stress it places on the knees.
Of course, ask any woman, losing weight for many is always easier said than done. If you’ve ever experienced severe knee pain then the last thing you want to do is walk, stand, or even exercise. Most women suffering with severe knee pain would love to be able to be active again but sometimes the pain is so unbearable that this seems impossible.
So if you’re an overweight female and are suffering from knee pain and cannot exercise because the pain is unbearable then you should consider Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Therapy Knee Program. Dr. Schnee’s program is for those who want to experience knee pain relief and improvement in function, non-surgically, so that they can get back to exercising comfortably.
Dr. Alexandra Schnee, D.C. has been helping patients get knee pain relief for over ten years. She is one of the most experienced Cold Laser Therapy Doctors for the treatment of knee pain in the United States. Her knee program consists of specific protocols she designed to treat knee pain, along with other non-invasive modalities. Cold Laser treatments for knee pain are safe and effective.
The bottom line is if knee pain is keeping you from exercising then call Dr. Alexandra K. Schnee’s office, at the DFW Spine & Joint Center at 214-596-1051.
To order a FREE 16 PAGE Booklet about Cold Laser Therapy for the Treatment of Knee Pain and Dr. Schnee’s Program fill out the form on the right hand side of the screen or visit http://www.helpmykneepain.com
To find out about other cold laser therapy programs that are offered at our office please visit http://www.coldlasertherapy.com
Dr. Alexandra K. Schnee, D.C., practices in Irving, Texas at the DFW Spine & Joint Center – Your Cold Laser Therapy Doctor for the Non-Surgical Treatment of Knee Pain in the Dallas-Fort Worth and Surrounding Texas Areas- “ Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Therapy Program Has Been Helping People with Knee Pain Avoid Knee Surgery, Medications and Knee Injections Since 2001.”
Dallas Cold Laser Therapy knee pain treatment Doctor in Irving, TX shares study about how knee pain worsens with increased body mass index. Dallas-Fort Worth.
Weight Loss Surgery May Help Reduce Knee Pain, But it Doesn’t Eliminate Years of Joint Damage
The biggest misconception amongst patients who are obese is thinking that the arthritis in their knee will go away after bariatric weight loss surgery. Even though the surgery will help improve their overall health and reduce knee pain it will not improve the arthritis in the knee joint. This is according to researchers and a new study presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
The study followed 10 patients that lost an average of 51 pounds after weight loss surgery.
All of them reported a reduction of knee pain and increased function a year after the surgery. Moreover, all of them had irreversible damage to the knee joint which didn’t disappear with weight loss.
If you lost weight with bariatric surgery, and are feeling better but your knees are still a problem then consider treatments such as cold laser therapy along with other physiotherapy modalities. These treatments are perfect supplements to helping arthritis knee pain sufferers get the most improvement without undergoing further surgery.
Dr. Alexandra K. Schnee, B.S., D.C.,-Your Cold Laser Professional for the Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas Area. Dr. Schnee practices in Irving, TX at the DFW Spine & Joint Center. Please call 214-596-1051 for an appointment, and to find out if you’re a candidate for Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program.-“Helping People with Knee Pain the Dallas, Fort Worth and surrounding areas since 2001.”
Dr. Alexandra Schnee, D.C. Cold laser Therapy Dallas-Fort Worth. Losing a lot of weight can help relieve some knee joint pain, but only cold laser therapy can help relieve knee pain non-surgically.
Four Things to Help Relieve Runner’s Knee Pain
Stretch your hamstrings and calves every day. The best way to do this is to sit on a hard surface with your legs straight out in front of you and bend forward from your waist and try to touch your toes. Hold for 45 seconds to a minute. Repeat 5 times.
Roll out your Iliotibial band with a foam roller. The iliotibial band is a band of fascia that extends from the outside of the pelvis to below the knee joint. You can purchase a foam roller from any sporting good facility. The foam roller in the picture below is the more advanced version because it has ‘bumps’ on it. I would recommend just starting with a smooth foam roller. ‘Rolling out’ the IT band is painful because you’re essentially helping alleviate adhesions that have developed in the fascia. This stretching routine is not for individuals that cannot tolerate pain well. But afterwards you will certainly feel the difference.
Do side squats with a resistance band. Strengthening the hips will reduce knee pain and prevent future knee problems.
-Tie a resistance band around your ankles. Stand with your feet shoulder width apart and squat. Side step with your right leg as far as you comfortably can. Bring left leg back to starting position. Do 12 steps to the right and then reverse.
Get Cold Laser Therapy Treatments. Find a doctor who only treats knee pain and specializes in Cold laser therapy. Cold laser therapy helps reduce inflammation, and will get rid of the sharp pain around the patella by healing the irritated ligament/tendon/muscle causing the pain.
If you have pain around the knee cap and live in the Dallas, Fort Worth or surrounding areas call our office at 214- 596-1051 to find out if you’re a candidate for Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program.
Or if you would like more information about Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program fill out the form on the right side of this screen to get your FREE report mailed to you entitled, Amazing Cold Laser Therapy the Missing Link to Knee Pain Relief!
Dr. Alexandra K. Schnee, B.S.,D.C.,-Your Cold Laser Professional for the Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas Area-“Helping People with Knee Pain in the Dallas, Fort Worth and surrounding areas since 2001.”
Pain Relief Exercises for Relieving Knee Pain | Dallas-Fort Worth
Dr.Schnee,D.C.,Dallas Cold Laser Knee Doctor, shares some knee exercises that can be done to help relieve knee pain for runner’s knee Dallas-Fort Worth.
Why Does Cold Laser Therapy Help Relieve ‘Bone on Bone’ Knee Pain?
In previous blogs, I’ve written about how osteoarthritis affects the knee joint, and how the cartilage in the knee wears down eventually leading to ‘bone on bone’ knee pain. But let’s review how individuals become ‘bone on bone’…
In a nutshell, osteoarthritis causes the cartilage in the joint to start losing water, over time the cartilage gets soft then it fragments and it cracks. The cartilage continues to break down eventually exposing the underlying bone. The pain that a person experiences with ‘bone on bone knee pain’ is not directly due to a lack of cartilage instead the pain arises from the synovium or lining of the bone becoming inflamed and irritated. In addition, to the synovium causing knee pain, the nerve endings on the exposed bone are very sensitive, and when they become irritated and inflamed this also causes knee pain.
How does cold laser therapy help relieve ‘bone on bone’ knee pain?
Cold laser therapy is used on individuals seeking a non-surgical alternative to help improve function, eliminate pain, and swelling with ‘bone on bone’ knee pain. Cold laser treatments or low level laser therapy treatments use specific wavelengths of light which interact with tissue that is damaged/ injured, or irritated. Ultimately, cold laser therapy reduces/eliminates knee pain in patients who are ‘bone on bone’ in the knee by reducing inflammation and irritation to the synovium and the nerve endings. In addition, the physiotherapy that is completed along with the cold laser treatments helps strengthen the ligaments and muscles surrounding the knee to help reduce the pressure on the joint.
As a result, patients experiencing severe knee pain from ‘bone on bone’ often complete cold laser treatments, feeling 50-90% improvement compared to when they initially started care. For instance, Geralyn E., a 65 year old, from Hurst, Texas was diagnosed by her orthopedic surgeon with ‘bone on bone’ knee pain. He told her that she would need to lose weight before he would even consider doing a total knee replacement on her right knee. Of course, because of the severity of Geralyns’s condition she found it almost impossible to exercise so she was never able to really lose enough weight to undergo knee surgery.
Until now.
The following is what Geralyn wrote about her condition and the results she has achieved with Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program:
“The pain in my right knee was pure agony! Anything that required me to move my right knee hurt. I couldn’t walk, and sleeping was also painful. I tried pain medications and multiple injections in my knee but they didn’t work.
I am now almost finished with my treatments, and I am very pleased [with the results because] I can [now] move and sleep without experiencing any knee pain.”
Since starting care, Geralyn has experienced such a significant improvement in her knee that she no longer is contemplating knee surgery, and she is now able to exercise without complaining of knee pain.
Geralyn’s situation is not unique. At the DFW Spine & Joint Center, Dr. Alexandra Schnee, D.C. has helped hundreds of individuals with ‘bone on bone’ knee pain avoid knee surgery by eliminating the pain and swelling in their knees. For most individuals the results from the treatments are sustainable.
If you have ‘bone on bone’ knee pain and want to avoid knee surgery then call the DFW Spine & Joint Center to find out if you’re a candidate for Dr. Schnee’s Cold Laser Knee Program. Otherwise if you would like more information about Dr. Schnee’s successful knee program fill out the form on the right hand side of the screen and a FREE report will be mailed to you!
Dr. Alexandra K. Schnee, B.S.,D.C.,-Your Cold Laser Dallas- Fort Worth Doctor for the Texas Area-“Helping People with Knee Pain in the Dallas, Fort Worth and surrounding areas since 2001.”
Bone On Bone Knee Pain Can Be Relieved With Cold Laser Therapy | Dallas-Fort Worth
Irving Texas Cold Laser Therapy Doctor Schnee D.C. shares information on how cold laser therapy can effectively be used to help relieve bone on bone knee pain Dallas, Fort Worth.
Flat Feet May Play a Role in Chronic Knee Pain, Cartilage Loss in Adults
A recent study published online in Arthritis Care & Research suggests that older adults with flat feet have a higher incidence of knee pain and cartilage loss on the inside of the knee joint then those with higher arches.
The study conducted on 1,900 adults over the age of 50 found that participants with the flattest feet were 31% more likely to complain of knee pain then the participants with normal arches. Moreover, the participants with flat feet were 43% more likely to suffer with osteoarthritis on the inside of the knee (cartilage loss).
Osteoarthritis in the knee is typically caused from years of excessive pressure on the knee joint. Knee osteoarthritis usually deteriorates the cartilage on one side of the knee joint, most commonly, the inside of the joint- the area where the knees touch.
In the case of flat feet or overly pronated feet the individuals posture is thrown off which creates an imbalance in the individuals movement and gait. As a result this uneven pressure wears down the cartilage on inside of the knee joint.
Individuals with flat feet may want to consider wearing orthotics or arch supports in their shoes as an option to help relieve pressure on the knee joint.
Dr. Alexandra K. Schnee, B.S.,D.C.,-Your Cold Laser Treatment Doctor for the Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas Area-“Helping People with Knee Pain in the Dallas, Fort Worth and surrounding areas since 2001.”
Chronic Knee Pain and Cartilage Loss Due To Flat Feet | Dallas-Fort Worth
Dr. Schnee, D.C. discusses flat feet and how they could play a role in cartilage loss in your knees and other more serious chronic knee pain problems Dallas-Fort Worth.
